Hemen PDF batean

 

akats (nick, cut; flaw, error), akets (blunt, unsharp), akuilu (sting, spike), akara (spikenard)

PIE: *ak’- (sharp, peak)

Proto-Celtic: *ākus (sharp), *akuīlios (drill, peg), *eks-ākis (unsharp, blunt)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘áith’ (sharp), Gaelic ‘eag’ (nick, notch), Welsh ‘ebill’, Breton ‘eok’ (blunt).

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘acutus’, ‘acus’, ‘aculeus’, Toch. B ‘akwatse’ (sharp), Eng. ‘edge’.

Romance: Spanish ‘agudo’ (acute), ‘aguja’ (needle), ‘aguijón’ (sting).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

alde (side; area, region), aldamen (side), aldapa (slope, incline; hill, hillock), aldats (slope)

PIE: *al- (to raise)

Proto-Celtic: *altā (hill, cliff), *alton (bank, hillside)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘alto-‘.

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘alt’ (way; shore), Welsh ‘allt’ (hill-side), Breton ‘aod’ (coast, shore).

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘altus’ (high).

Romance: Cantabrian ‘alta’ (summit, range, ridge), Asturian ‘altu’ (summit, peak).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

andere (lady)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *anderā (damsel)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘andera’ (heifer, young woman), ‘anderon’ (calf).

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘ainder’, Irish ‘ainnir’ (virgin), Welsh ‘anner’ (heifer), Breton ‘annoar’.

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: Asturian ‘andera’ (calf), Cantabrian ‘andoscu’ (young lamb), ‘andresca’ (young sheep).

Source: N/A

aran, okaran (sloe, plum), arantza (thorn)

PIE: *ag-, *h¹eh³go- (fruit, berry) ?

Proto-Celtic: *agrīnio, *agrīnia, *arjanio-, *agrīnā (sloe), *agron- (berries)

Continental Celtic: Hispano-Celtic ‘agraniō-‘ (sloe), Gaulish ‘agrīnion-‘.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘áirne’ (sloe), Welsh ‘eirin’ (plum), ‘aeron’ (berry), Breton ‘irin’ (sloe).

Indo-European cognates: Gothic ‘akran’ (fruit), Old Norse ‘akarn’, Russian ‘jagoda’ (berry).

Romance: Gascon ‘aranhon’, Aragonese ‘arañon’, ‘arán’, Spanish ‘arándano’, Galician ‘agruño’.

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

ardo, ardau, arno (wine)

PIE: *ard^hw-?

Proto-Celtic: N/A

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: N/A

Indo-European cognates: Albanian ‘hardhi’ (< *ardhi) (vine), Armenian ‘vort^h‘ (< *ort) (vine).

Romance: N/A

Source: Old Indo-European.

argi (light; clear, bright), argal (thin, slim, weak)

PIE: *arg’-, *h²erg’o-, *h²erg’i- (white, shining)

Proto-Celtic: *arganton (silver), *argion (snow)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘arganto-‘, Celtiberian ‘arkanta’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘airgead’ (silver), Welsh ‘ariant’ (silver), Breton ‘archant’ (silver).

Indo-European cognates: Greek ‘argos’, ‘argeis’ (light, bright), Tocharian A ‘ārki’ (light, white).

Romance: Aragonese, Catalan, French ‘argent’ (silver) (< Latin ‘argentum’).

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

arrano (eagle)

PIE: *or-, *h³orno- (big bird, eagle)

Proto-Celtic: *erur-, *eruros

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘iolar’, Welsh ‘eryr’, Breton ‘erer’.

Indo-European cognates: Eng. ‘erne’, Gothic ‘ara’, Dutch ‘arend’, Greek ‘orneon’, Hittite ‘haran’.

Romance: N/A

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

arraun, erramu (oar)

PIE: *ere-, *rē–

Proto-Celtic: *rawm-, *ramw- ? *rāman (spade, oar)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘rámha’, Old Irish ‘rame’, Welsh ‘rhaw’ (spade), Breton ‘roeñv’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘remus’ (< *resmus), English ‘to row’ , Greek ‘eretmos’ (oar).

Romance: Gascon ‘rama’, ‘rema’, Spanish ‘remo’, French ‘rame’, Occitan ‘rem’, Asturian ‘remu’.

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish.

bago, pago (beech)

PIE: *b^heh²go-

Proto-Celtic: *bago- ?

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘bāgos’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘féa’, ‘fáibhile’, ‘fagh’, Welsh ‘ffawydd’, Breton ‘favenn’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘fagus’, English ‘beech’, Russian ‘buk’, Albanian ‘bung’ (oak).

Romance: Gascon ‘hac’, ‘hai’, ‘hau’, Asturian ‘faya’, ‘ĥaya’, Aragonese ‘fabo’, ‘fau’, ‘fayo’.

Source: Celtic+Latin, Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

bargo (growing pig, shoat)

PIE: *b^hera- (to harm, to beat) / *pork'(o)- (farrow, pig) / *pArg’- (bull, boar, ram)

Proto-Celtic: N/A / *orkos / N/A

Continental Celtic: Lusitanian ‘porcom’, ‘porgom’ (pig). ?

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘orc’ (young pig).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘barrow’ (castrated pig), ‘Dutch ‘barg’, Old Norse ‘bœrgr’.

Romance: Cantabrian ‘burcil’ (pigsty), ‘purcio’ (lamb with a fat belly).

Source: Germanic, Old Indo-European.

berro (hedge, fence)

PIE: *g^werw- (tree, stick, spear)

Proto-Celtic: *beru (stake, spit)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘bior’, Welsh ‘bêr’, Breton ‘ber’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘veru’ (spiked railing).

Romance: N/A

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Late Latin.

berun (lead, plumb)

PIE: *b^hel- (light, bright)

Proto-Celtic: *belo- (bright)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘belenos’ (god of light), ‘belisama’ (another god).

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘béal-taine’ (bright fire).

Indo-European cognates: Norwegian ‘bly’ (lead), Swedish ‘bleck’ (tin), Russian ‘bielyj’ (white).

Romance: N/A

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

bigun (soft, tender, mild)

PIE: *b^heug- / *b^hūg- (to bend)

Proto-Celtic: *buggo- (soft)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘buccos’, Gallic Latin ‘bugillō’ (a plant).

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘bog’ (soft), Breton ‘bouk’ (mild).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘bow’ (< *bugon).

Romance: N/A

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

birrin (bran)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *bregno-, *bragno- (foul)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘brennos’ (manure; rotten), Gallic Latin ‘brinna’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘bréan’ (rancid), Welsh ‘braen’ (rotten), Breton ‘brein’ (putrid).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘bran’ (via French).

Romance: Old French ‘bren’ (bran, filth), French ‘bran’, Italian ‘brenno’, Gascon ‘bren’.

Source: Vulgar Latin, Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Romance.

burdin, burni (iron)

PIE: *b^hers-, *b^hors- (iron, copper, bronze) ?

Proto-Celtic: N/A

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: N/A

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘ferrum’ (iron), English ‘brass’.

Romance: Spanish ‘hierro’, Ast. ‘fierru’, ‘ĥierru’, Gascon ‘hèr’, Aragonese ‘fierro’, French ‘fer’.

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

dundu (blue; dark, cloudy)

PIE: *d^hūb^h-, *d^huh²m- (smoke)

Proto-Celtic: *dubu- (black)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘dubis’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘dubh’ (black), Welsh ‘du’ (black), Breton ‘du’ (black, dark).

Indo-European cognates: Latin fūmus (smoke), Greek thumos (smoke), English dusk.

Romance: N/A

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

durunda (thunder; din), durundi (din; echo)

PIE: *tonŗ–, *taron- (thunder)

Proto-Celtic: *taran-, *toron-

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘taranus’ (god of thunder), Celtiberian ‘turuntas’ (a placename).

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘torann’, ‘toraind’ (thunder, noise), Gaelic ‘torrunn’, Welsh ‘taran’ (thunder).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘thunder’, Latin ‘tonitrus’, Thracian ‘thurd-‘, Persian ‘tundar’.

Romance: Spanish ‘trueno’, ‘estruendo’ (din), Asturian ‘tonadríu’, French ‘tonnerre’.

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish, Old Indo-European.

elai, enara, ainara (swallow)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *wannālā, *wennālā, *wandelā

Continental Celtic: Gallic Latin ‘vanellus’ (lapwing).

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘ainnel’, ‘fannall’, Welsh ‘gwennol’, Breton ‘gwennili’.

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: French ‘vanneau’, Galician ‘anduriña’, Asturian ‘alandrina’, ‘andarina’, ‘andolina’.

Source: N/A

elge (plowable field)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *olkā (arable land)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘olca’ (plowable field), Celtiberian ‘olokas’.

Insular Celtic: N/A

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: Galician ‘olga’ (plot), Asturian ‘güelga’ (bog), French ‘ouche’ (garden).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Romance.

erbi (hare), erbinude (weasel)

PIE: *h¹er-

Proto-Celtic: *erbā, *erbis

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘erb’, ‘erp’, ‘eirp’ (she-goat, doe, roe), ‘erc’ (cow), Gaelic ‘earb’ (roe).

Indo-European cognates: Greek ‘eriphos’ (young goat, kid), Latin ‘ariēs’, Lith. ‘ėriukas’ (lamb).

Romance: N/A

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

erreka (river; ravine; furrow)

PIE: *(e)reik- (to scratch)

Proto-Celtic: *rīka

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘rica’ (furrow).

Insular Celtic: Gaelich ‘riach’ (graze), Welsh ‘rhych’, Breton ‘regenn’ (row).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘row’ (< *raihwaz).

Romance: Galician ‘rega’ (furrow), Asturian ‘regatu’ (brook, beck), Gascon arrega (furrow).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

erro (root; hinge; udder’s teat; tentacle), errape (udder)

PIE: *h³ersos

Proto-Celtic: *erros (tail, arse), *ersā

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘err’ (hinder-part, end, point, tail), Irish ‘earr’ (end, extremity, tail).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘arse’, Scots ‘ers’ (arse), Greek ‘orros’ (rump, sacrum).

Romance: N/A

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

eta (and)

PIE: *eti (beyond, over)

Proto-Celtic: *eti (and)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘eti’, ‘etic’ (<eti-k^we), Celtiberian ‘ekue’ (and).

Insular Celtic: N/A

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘et’ (and), Greek ‘eti’ (yet, still).

Romance: French ‘et’, Gascon ‘e’, Asturian ‘y’, Galician ‘e’, Catalan ‘i’, Spanish ‘y’, ‘e’.

Source: Celtic+Latin, Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

ezko (wet)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *iskā (water), *iskawos (watery), *uks-iskawos (liquid)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘uisce’ (water), Welsh ‘ysgaw’ (elder tree), Breton ‘skav’ (elder tree).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘whiskey’ (from Gaelic).

Romance: N/A

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish.

galga (brake)

PIE: *k’al- ?

Proto-Celtic: *gall-, *gallos, *gallikā– (stone)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘gallos’, ‘gallica’ (large stone).

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘gall’ (slab, stone).

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: Cantabrian ‘galga’ (big stone, brake), French ‘galet’ (pebble), Old French ‘gal’ (rock).

Source: Cantabrian.

ganga (vault, dome; palate), gangar (bird crest)

PIE: *kemb- ?

Proto-Celtic: *kambikā–, *kambos (curved)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘camba’ (crooked, bent).

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘camb’, Irish ‘cam’ (crooked), Welsh ‘cam’, Breton ‘kamm’ (curved, bent).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘coomb’, ‘combe’ (valley).

Romance: Galician ‘canga’ (yoke), Gascon ‘cama’ (leg, stem, rod).

Source: Romance.

gar (flame; heat), gori (hot, fiery)

PIE: *g^(w)her-, *g^(w)hor- (to heat, to burn)

Proto-Celtic: *goros (burning), *gornos (fire)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘gor’ (inflammation), Gaelic ‘gar’ (warm), Welsh ‘gwres’ (heat), Breton ‘gor’.

Indo-European cognates: English ‘warm’ , Persian ‘garam’, Kashmiri ‘garū‘m’, Lith. ‘karštas’ (hot)

Romance: Cantabrian ‘gorar’ (to brood), Old Spanish ‘engorar’ (to brood).

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

garau(n) (grain, seed), gari (wheat), garagar (barley)

PIE: *g’er[a]n-, *grān, *g’rh²no- (grain)

Proto-Celtic: *grānon

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘grán’, Welsh ‘grawn’, Breton ‘greun’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘grānum’, English ‘corn’, ‘grain’ (via French), Armenian ‘gari’.

Romance: Asturian ‘granu’, ‘grau’, Galician ‘grao’, ‘gran’, Gascon ‘gran’, ‘granh’, ‘gron’, ‘grun’.

Source: Celtic+Latin, Latin, Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Romance, Old Indo-European.

garbi (clean, pure, clear), garden (transparent, clear)

PIE: *g’^hel- (to shine)

Proto-Celtic: *glanos (clean, pure), *gelos, *glēwos (clear, bright), *glanī (crystal, glass)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘glanos’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘geal’ (white), ‘glan’, ‘glé’ (bright), Welsh ‘golau’ (light), Breton ‘glan’.

Indo-European cognates: English ‘gleam’, ‘glimmer’, glow’, ‘glitter’, ‘glass’, ‘yellow’ (< *gelwaz).

Romance: N/A

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

garrasi (scream, shout, cry)

PIE: *g’ār- (to call, to cry, voice, exclamation), *garə, *grā-/grē– (to shout)

Proto-Celtic: *garit (call), *gāri- (cry), *garō (speak)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘gáir’ (cry, shout), Gaelic ‘gàir’ (shout, outcry), Welsh ‘gawr’ (clamour).

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘garrio’ (to chatter), Eng. ‘garrulous’, Lith. ‘garsas’ (sound, cry)

Romance: N/A

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish.

garratz (acid, bitter; rough)

PIE: *g^her- (rough)

Proto-Celtic: *gargos, *garwos

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘gargos’ (wild; bitter), ‘garvos’ (rough).

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘garg’ (fierce, angry; bitter), ‘garb’ (rough), Welsh ‘garw’, Breton ‘garv’.

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: N/A

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish.

gereta, kereta (gate, hurdle)

PIE: *k’ley– (to lean)

Proto-Celtic: *klētā

Continental Celtic: Gallic Latin ‘clēta’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘cliath’ (hurdle), Welsh ‘clwyd’ (gate), Breton ‘kloued’ (gate, barrier).

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘clīnāre’ (to incline), English ‘lean’ (< *χlinen).

Romance: Gascon ‘cleta’, Aragonese ‘cleta’, French ‘claie’.

Source: Vulgar Latin, Romance, Gascon.

gezi (arrow, dart)

PIE: *g^haisos

Proto-Celtic: N/A

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘gaisos’ (javelin), Gallic Latin ‘gaesum’ (javelin).

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘gae’, ‘gaán’ (javelin, spear), ‘gaisced’ (armour), Irish ‘ga’ (dart, javelin).

Indo-European cognates: Old English gār (spear), Old Norse geirr (spear), Greek khaĩos (crook).

Romance: N/A

Source: Latin, Gaulish.

gona (skirt)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: N/A

Continental Celtic: Gallic Latin ‘gunna’ (leather garment, fur).

Insular Celtic: Welsh ‘gŵn’ (robe).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘gown’, Greek ‘gouna’ (coarse garment).

Romance: Italian ‘gonna’ (skirt), Old French ‘goune’ (fur coat), Old Spanish ‘gona’ (skirt).

Source: Late Latin, Old Spanish.

gorosti (holly), goroldio (moss)

PIE: *k’el-, *k’ol- (to prick)

Proto-Celtic: *kolenno-, *kolinos (holly), *kolgos (beard of corn)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘collis’, ‘collinos’ (holly).

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘cuileann’, Gaelic ‘cuilionn’, Welsh ‘celyn’ , ‘colyn’ (sting), Breton ‘kelenn’.

Indo-European cognates: OCS ‘kolja’ (to prick), Russian ‘kolos’ (spike), English ‘holly’.

Romance: Sardinian ‘golóstru’, ‘golóstri’, ‘colóstiu’, ‘golósti’ (holly), Asturian ‘coleñu’ (a plant).

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

gorta, korta (pasture; sheepfold, enclosure, stable)

PIE: *g’^hort-

Proto-Celtic: *gortos (enclosure), *gortia (hedge)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘gort’ (field, croft), Welsh ‘garth’ (hill, enclosure), Breton ‘garzh’ (hedge).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘garden’, Greek ‘khórtos’ (enclosure), Latin ‘hortus’ (garden).

Romance: Spanish ‘cuadra’ ( < ‘quadra’), Gascon ‘cort’ ( < ‘cohortem’), Occ. ‘gòrça’.

Source: Celtic+Latin, Vulgar Latin, Hispano-Celtic.

guda, gudu (battle, war)

PIE: *g^when- (to strike, to slay, to kill)

Proto-Celtic: *goni, *gonô

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Gaelic ‘gon’, Irish ‘goin’, ‘gonadh’ (wounding).

Indo-European cognates: Old English ‘gūð‘, Old Norse ‘guðr’, German ‘gund-‘ (<*gunþiz).

Romance: N/A

Source: Germanic, Old Indo-European.

gurdi (cart)

PIE: *k’ers-, *k’ors (to run)

Proto-Celtic: *karros (cart)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘carros’, Gallic Latin ‘carrus’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘carr’, Welsh ‘car’, Breton ‘karr’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘currus’ (cart), English ‘horse’ (< *hursa), Tocharian A ‘kursär’.

Romance: Spanish ‘carro’.

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

hagin (yew tree)

PIE: *h¹eiw- (yew tree)

Proto-Celtic: *iwos, *iwo-, *iwā-, *eburo-, *eburā–

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘ivo-‘, ‘eburo-‘.

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘iva-‘, ‘eó’, Welsh ‘ywen’, Old Cornish ‘hiugin’, Old Breton ‘iuguin’.

Indo-European cognates: English ‘yew’ (< *īhwaz).

Romance: French ‘if’.

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish.

haltz (alder)

PIE: *h²elis-

Proto-Celtic: N/A

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘alisa’, ‘alisia’.

Insular Celtic: N/A

Indo-European cognates: English ‘alder’ (<*aluz, *aliz), Dutch ‘els’, Lithuanian ‘alksnis’.

Romance: Spanish ‘aliso’, French ‘aulne’ (alder), ‘alise’, ‘alisier’ (whitebeam), Gascon ‘aliquèr’.

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish, Germanic, Old Indo-European.

harlauza, lauza (flagstone, tile), legar (pebble, gravel)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *laws-, *lekkā

Continental Celtic: Hispano-Celtic ‘lausa’, Gaulish ‘lausa’, Gallic Latin ‘lausia’ (stone).

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘leac’ (flagstone), ‘lia’ (stone), Cornish ‘legh’ (flat stone), Welsh ‘llech’ (slate).

Indo-European cognates: Greek ‘lãas’ (stone), ‘lãigx’ (pebble), Dutch ‘lei’ (slate).

Romance: Gascon ‘lausa’, Galician ‘lousa’, Spanish ‘losa’, French ‘losange’ (rhombus, diamond).

Source: Vulgar Latin, Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish, Gascon.

hartz (bear)

PIE: *h²rtk’os

Proto-Celtic: *artos, *arktos ?

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘artos’, ‘art(i)-‘.

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘art’, Welsh ‘arth’, Breton ‘arzh’.

Indo-European cognates: Greek ‘arktos’, Sansk. ‘rksa’, Armenian ‘arž‘, Persian ‘khers’, Oss. ‘arš‘.

Romance: Spanish ‘oso’, Aragonese ‘onso’, Gascon ‘ors’, French ‘ours’ ( < Latin ‘ursus’).

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

izokin (salmon)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *esok-, *esoks (salmon, river fish)

Continental Celtic: Gallic Latin ‘esox’, ‘esocis’ (a fish from the Rhine).

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘eó’, ‘íach’ (salmon), Welsh ‘eog’, Breton ‘eog’, Old Cornish ‘ehoc’.

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: Asturian ‘esguín’ (small river fish, young trout, young salmon).

Source: N/A

kai (harbour, wharf)

PIE: *kag^hyo-

Proto-Celtic: *kagyon (pen, enclosure)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘caio’ (enclosure), Gallic Latin ‘caium’ (hedge).

Insular Celtic: Welsh ‘cae’ (hedge), Breton ‘kae’ (enclosure).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘hedge’ (< *hagjō).

Romance: French ‘quai’, Gascon ‘cai’.

Source: Gascon, Vulgar Latin, Gaulish.

karra egin (to run), karraka (running), karrada (race), garraio/karraio (transport)

PIE: *k’ers- (to run)

Proto-Celtic: *karr- (to run), *karros (cart)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘carros’, Gallic Latin ‘carrus’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘carr’, Welsh ‘car’, Breton ‘karr’.

Indo-European cognates: English ‘carry’, ‘carriage’ (via French).

Romance: Cantabrian ‘carreju’ (corridor), Gascon ‘carrei’ (transport), ‘carratejar’ (to transport).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Romance.

lei (ice, frost)

PIE: *leg’- (to leak, to wet)

Proto-Celtic: N/A

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘legaid’ (melt, thaw), Irish ‘leáigh’, Welsh ‘llaith’ (moist), Breton ‘leizh’.

Indo-European cognates: English ‘leak’, ‘leach’, Albanian ‘lag’ (to wet).

Romance: N/A

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

lerde (spit, spittle), lertzo (spittle, slime), lerra (slippery), lirdinga (slime), lei (ice, frost)

PIE: *lei- (to flow, to pour) / *(s)lei- (slime, slimy, sticky, slippery)

Proto-Celtic: *liros (sea), *linnis (pool), *linnu (liquid), *līmā (flood)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘ler’ (sea), Welsh ‘llŷr’ (sea), ‘llif’ (stream, flow), Breton ‘livad’ (flood).

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘libare’ (to pour), ‘limus’ (mud), Lith. ‘lietus’ (rain), Russian ‘lit^j‘.

Romance: Old Galician ‘ler’ (sea, seashore).

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

leka (wet; slime), lekeda (glue, slime), lika-lika (viscous), likatsu (viscous), likits (dirt)

PIE: *(s)lei- (slime, slimy, sticky, slippery) ?

Proto-Celtic: *legetā (glue, dregs)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘lega’, ‘liga’ (slime).

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘lige’ (litter), Welsh ‘llai’ (dirt), Breton ‘le’chid’ (slime), Old Breton ‘leh’.

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: Spanish ‘lía’ (dregs), ‘légamo’ (slime).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

leun (soft, tender, mild; flat, plain, smooth)

PIE: *lēn- (soft, lazy) / *(s)lēg- (soft, weak)

Proto-Celtic: *lēnos (soft) / *adligenos (soft)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘lían’, ‘áilgen’ (mild, soft), Irish ‘áilghean’ (soft).

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘lēnis’ (soft), ‘laxus’, OCS ‘lĕnŭ‘ (lazy), Lith. ‘lénas’ (slow, calm).

Romance: N/A

Source: Celtic+Latin, Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Latin.

maite izan (to love)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *mati- ,*matu- (good)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘mati’, ‘mat-‘, ‘matu-‘ (good).

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘maith’ (good), Welsh ‘mad’ (good, fair), Breton ‘mat’ (good).

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: N/A

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

mando (mule; esterile; big)

PIE: *mndo-, *mndeh²–

Proto-Celtic: *mand- (young animal, kid)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘-mandua’ (in anthroponyms).

Insular Celtic: Welsh ‘man’ (spot), Old Irish ‘mennar’ (blemish).

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘mannus’ (poney), ‘menda’ (blemish), Alb. ‘mëz’ (colt).

Romance: Asturian ‘manera’ (esterile cow), ‘mañeru’ (esterile), Romanian ‘mânz’ (colt).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

mantar (shirt), mantal (apron, gown)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *manatlon (sheaf)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘mantlon’ (covering), Vulgar Latin ‘mantum’, ‘mantellum’ (cloak).

Insular Celtic: Breton ‘malan’ (sheaf), ‘mantell’ (cloak), Cornish ‘manal’ (sheaf).

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: Spanish ‘manta’ (blanket), ‘manto’ (cloak), ‘mantel’ (tablecloth).

Source: Gaulish, Vulgar Latin, Hispano-Celtic.

mardo (plump, lusty), mardul (big, thick, plump, lusty)

PIE: *mē-, *mō-

Proto-Celtic: *māros (great)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘maros’ (great).

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘már’, Irish ‘mór’, Welsh ‘mawr’, Breton ‘meur’.

Indo-European cognates: English ‘more’, Old English ‘mǽre’ (famous), OCS ‘-měrŭ‘ (great).

Romance: Galician ‘marulo’ (< *mārullu).

Source: Romance, Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

me(h)a (ore), me(h)atze (mine)

PIE: *(s)mei-

Proto-Celtic: *mēnā

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘mena’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘méin’, ‘mianach’ (ore, mine), Welsh ‘mwyn’ (mine), Cornish ‘moen’ (ore).

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘mina’.

Romance: Asturian ‘mena’ (mine).

Source: Celtic+Latin, Gaulish, Vulgar Latin.

meleka (sweet)

PIE: *melh¹-it- (honey)

Proto-Celtic: *meli (honey)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘mela’, ‘meli-‘.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘mil’, Welsh ‘mêl’, Breton ‘mel’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘mel’, Greek ‘meli’.

Romance: Spanish, French ‘miel’, Gascon ‘mèu’, Galician ‘mel’.

Source: Celtic+Latin, Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Latin, Romance, Old Indo-European.

mende (century, time; dominion)

PIE: *mēd– (measure, time)

Proto-Celtic: *mantī (size)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘menti’, ‘manti’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘méid’, ‘méad’ (amount), Welsh ‘maint’ (size), Breton ‘ment’ (greatness).

Indo-European cognates: English ‘month’, ‘measure’, Latin ‘mensis’ (month), Greek ‘metron’.

Romance: Spanish ‘medir’, ‘mes’, Asturian ‘manta’ (great amount), Gascon ‘mant(a)’ (amount).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

mendi (mountain)

PIE: *men-, *mon-

Proto-Celtic: *monijo-

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Brythonic ‘monid’, Welsh ‘mynydd’, Cornish ‘meneth’, Breton ‘menez’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘mons’, ‘montis’.

Romance: Spanish ‘monte’, Cantabrian ‘monti’, Gascon ‘mont’, ‘montina’.

Source: Celtic+Latin, Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

moko (beak), beko (face, forehead)

PIE: *bak- (peg) ?

Proto-Celtic: *bakk- (hook) / *beklos (beak) / *bikkos (small)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘beccos’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘bac’ (stick, crook), ‘beag’ (small), Welsh ‘bych’ (small), Breton ‘beg’.

Indo-European cognates: English ‘beak’ (via French), ‘peg’ (< *pig-)

Romance: Italian ‘becco’, Galician ‘bico’ (beak, kiss), French ‘bec’, Gascon ‘bèc’.

Source: Gaulish, Vulgar Latin.

muino (hill, mound, hillock)

PIE: *mon- (to jut, to project)

Proto-Celtic: *monijo- (elevation), *monion (mountain pass), *monowiā (bush, scrub, thicket)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Old Welsh ‘menevia’, Gaelic ‘monadh’, ‘muine’, Max ‘muinney’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘mons’, ‘montis’.

Romance: Spanish ‘monte’, Cantabrian ‘monti’, Gascon ‘mont’, ‘montina’.

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

nagusi (lord, master, boss; main, principal, chief)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *nabos (lord)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Welsh ‘naf’ (lord).

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: N/A

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

orkatz (roe, roedeer, roebuck)

PIE: *york(‘)-

Proto-Celtic: *yorkos, *iorkas (goat, deer) ?

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘iorkos’.

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘iuchair’ (roe), Welsh ‘iwrch’ (roebuck), Cornish ‘yorgh’ (roedeer).

Indo-European cognates: Ancient Greek ‘dorkas’, ‘dorks’, ‘dorkos’, ‘iorkos’ (deer).

Romance: N/A

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

pertz (cauldron)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *k^warios (cauldron)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘parios’, ‘pairos’ ?

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘coire’ (boiler), Welsh ‘pair’ (cauldron, boiler), Cornish ‘per’ (crock, big jar).

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: Occitan ‘pairòl’, Gascon ‘peiròla’, ‘peiròu’, Catalan ‘perol’, Spanish ‘perola’.

Source: Gaulish.

pitika (small goat), pitin (small)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *k^wit- (tip, point) ?

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘pitt-‘, Gallic Latin ‘pitinnus’, ‘pitulus’ (tiny).

Insular Celtic: Welsh ‘pid’ (tip), Breton ‘pizh’ (minutious).

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: Gascon ‘petit’, ‘petiton’, Occitan ‘pichon’, ‘pichin’, ‘pichòt’.

Source: Gaulish, Vulgar Latin, Romance, Gascon.

praka (trousers)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *brakka

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘braca’, Gallic Latin ‘braca’.

Insular Celtic: N/A

Indo-European cognates: English ‘breeches’ (<*brokiz).

Romance: Spanish ‘braga’ (underpants), French ‘braies’, Gascon ‘bragas’.

Source: Latin, Gaulish.

sasi (thicket, bush)

PIE: *sas- (cereals)

Proto-Celtic: *sasion (barley)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘sassia’, ‘sasiam’ (barley).

Insular Celtic: Welsh ‘haidd’ (barley), Cornish ‘heydh’ (barley), Breton ‘heiz’ (barley).

Indo-European cognates: Sanskrit ‘sasya’ (corn, plant), ‘sasa’ (grass).

Romance: Old Occitan ‘saisa’, Catalan ‘xeixa’ (wheat).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

tegi (barn, shed; place)

PIE: *(s)teg- (to cover)

Proto-Celtic: *teg- (house)

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘tegos’, ‘tegia’, ‘sutegos’ (pigtsy), ’boutegos’ (cow shed).

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘teach’ (house), Old Irish ‘teg’/’tige’, Welsh ‘ty’, Old Breton ‘teg’/’tig’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘tegere’ (to cover), ‘tectus’ (covered), English ‘thatch’.

Romance: Romansch ‘tegia’ (hut, shed), Spanish ‘techo’ (roof).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

traka (manners, poise; gesture; aspect, figure), trakets (clumsy, awkward; scruffy, neglected)

PIE: *dŗk’-, *derk’- (to look)

Proto-Celtic: *drkā, *drik- (a look, facial expression; aspect; outlook)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘dreach’ (facial exp.), Welsh ‘drych’ (sight; mirror), Breton ‘derch’ (aspect).

Indo-European cognates: Greek ‘derkomai’ (to see), Sanskrit ‘drsta’ (looked at).

Romance: Gascon ‘traca’ (kind, ilk; a look).

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish, Gascon.

ui (pitch, tar)

PIE: *g^we-tu-

Proto-Celtic: *bīwā , *bitu

Continental Celtic: Gaulish ‘bitu’.

Insular Celtic: Old Irish ‘bí’, ‘bigh’ (pitch, resin, glue), Gaelic bìth (tar, pitch).

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘bitūmen’ (pitch), Eng. ‘cud’, Ger. ‘Kitt’ (putty), Sans. ‘jata’ (lac).

Romance: Spanish ‘betún’ (bitumen).

Source: Gaulish, Hispano-Celtic.

urki, burki (birch)

PIE: *b^hereg’-, *b^hrāg’-, *b^herh¹go- (birch)

Proto-Celtic: N/A

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: N/A

Indo-European cognates: English ‘birch’, Sanskrit ‘bhūrja’, Norwegian ‘björk’, Tajik ‘burz’.

Romance: N/A

Source: Germanic, Old Indo-European.

urre (gold)

PIE: *aus-, *h²ews- (dawn, yellow)

Proto-Celtic: *wāri (dawn, sunrise)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘ór’, Welsh ‘aur’, Breton ‘aour’ (< Latin), Old Irish ‘fáir’, Welsh ‘gwawr’.

Indo-European cognates: Latin ‘aurum’ (gold), Tocharian ‘wsi’ (yellow).

Romance: Spanish ‘oro’, Asturian ‘oru’, Gascon ‘aur’.

Source: Celtic+Latin, Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European, Latin, Romance.

zilar (silver; bright, pure, clean)

PIE: *sileb^hr-, *silub^hr- (silver)

Proto-Celtic: N/A

Continental Celtic: Celtiberian ‘silabur’.

Insular Celtic: N/A

Indo-European cognates: English ‘silver’ (< *silubr), Russian ‘sieriebro’, Lithuanian ‘sidabras’.

Romance: N/A

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Old Indo-European.

zorri (louse)

PIE: N/A

Proto-Celtic: *soros (louse)

Continental Celtic: N/A

Insular Celtic: Irish ‘sor’, ‘sar’, Welsh ‘hor’.

Indo-European cognates: N/A

Romance: N/A

Source: Hispano-Celtic, Gaulish.